Courses.2015a2230notes2 History
Hide minor edits - Show changes to output
Added line 103:
See http://consc.net/papers/qualia.html
Added lines 108-109:
Added lines 99-106:
----
!!An argument to support the computer model
* Imagine replacing a brain cell by a tiny computer that performs the same role, but carries out a digital computation inside.
* Imagine replacing some of the cells connected to the computer by similar computers, now all connected digitally.
* Expand the replacement to other brain cells until all brain cells have been replaced.
* At which point would consciousness and cognition cease to exist?
Changed line 94 from:
!!Some lessons - "Computation cannot explain X"
to:
!!Some issues to consider - "Computation cannot explain X"
Changed line 97 from:
* Is X essential for consciousness / cognition?
to:
* Is X essential for consciousness / cognition? e.g. emotions, creativity
Changed lines 26-27 from:
to:
* Chatbots: [[http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/|Eliza]]
* Loebner Prize: http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
Deleted lines 35-37:
* Chatbots: [[http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/|Eliza]]
* Loebner Prize: http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
Changed lines 36-37 from:
Chatbots: [[http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/|Eliza]]
to:
* Chatbots: [[http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/|Eliza]]
* Loebner Prize: http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
Changed line 71 from:
* Comment: [[Computer music|https://goo.gl/tTaanj]]
to:
* Comment: [[https://goo.gl/tTaanj|Computer music]]
Changed line 71 from:
* Comment: [[Computer music|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)]]
to:
* Comment: [[Computer music|https://goo.gl/tTaanj]]
Changed line 71 from:
* Comment: Computer music [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)]]
to:
* Comment: [[Computer music|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)]]
Changed line 71 from:
* Comment: Computer music https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)
to:
* Comment: Computer music [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)]]
Changed line 71 from:
* Comment: Computer music wikipedia:Iamus_(computer)
to:
* Comment: Computer music https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamus_(computer)
Added line 71:
* Comment: Computer music wikipedia:Iamus_(computer)
Added lines 18-19:
[[http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/theturingtest.html|Picture of setup]]
Added lines 34-35:
Chatbots: [[http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/|Eliza]]
Changed line 100 from:
# How is thinking different from consciousness? Is it possible for an AI system to be able to think but it still lacks consciousness?
to:
# How is thinking different from consciousness? Is it possible for an AI system to be able to think but it still lacks consciousness?
Added lines 89-94:
!!Some lessons - "Computation cannot explain X"
* Current computers cannot do X, technical problem or in-principle obstacle
* Bridging argument - X requires Y. Computation cannot produce Y.
* Is X essential for consciousness / cognition?
* How about computation + special ingredient
Changed line 74 from:
* Note: Descartes on language use.
to:
* Note: [[Main.DescartesLanguage|Descartes on the creative use of language]].
Added line 49:
* Comment: Modern version of this argument from Roger Penrose's ''The Emperor's New Mind''.
Changed line 47 from:
* Objection: Gödel's theorem shows that for every machine there are questions that it cannot answer correctly.
to:
* Objection: Gödel's incompleteness theorem shows that for every machine there are questions that it cannot answer correctly.
Changed lines 28-30 from:
* Charles Babbage: wikipedia:Analytical_Engine
to:
* Charles Babbage (1791-1871) : wikipedia:Analytical_Engine
Changed line 88 from:
** Using a random element is searching for a solution
to:
** Using a random element in searching for a solution
Changed lines 40-41 from:
* (Theological) Reply #1: The almighty is omnipotent.
* Theological arguments "have often been found unsatisfactory in the past."
to:
* Turing
** The almighty is omnipotent.
** Theological arguments "have often been found unsatisfactory in the past."
Added lines 81-88:
!!Learning machines
* Turing discussed building learning machines to pass the test.
* Some ideas mentioned
** Comparison of the learning process with evolution
** Using a random element is searching for a solution
** Chess as an area where machines will compete with humans
Changed lines 83-84 from:
# The Dutch computer scientist has said, "the question of whether Machines Can Think ... is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim". (In "The threats to computing science") Do you agree? Why or why not?
to:
# The Dutch computer scientist has said, "the question of whether Machines Can Think ... is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim". (In "The threats to computing science") Do you agree? Why or why not?
# How is thinking different from consciousness? Is it possible for an AI system to be able to think but it still lacks consciousness?
Changed line 68 from:
!!!7. Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System
to:
!!!7. The Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System
Changed line 77 from:
to:
!!!9. The Argument from ESP
Added line 80:
* Note: Belief in ESP was quite common at that time. People reported experiments confirming telepathy, e.g. Rhine (1934) ''Extra-Sensory Perception''. But the results could not be duplicated. See [[http://skepdic.com/telepath.html|here]].
Added lines 78-79:
* ESP includes: Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis. Turing seems to think there is evidence for "telepathy".
* Turing: With ESP anything might happen. Not clear how it affects the test. Put everything in a "telepathy-proof" room?
Changed line 64 from:
to:
* Objection: Machines have no originality.
Changed lines 65-66 from:
* Note: "Ada" is a programming language named after Lady Lovelace, the first female programmer?
to:
* Note: "Ada" is a programming language named after Lady Lovelace. The first female programmer?
* Turing: Machines can take people by surprising. Original work by human beings can also be a matter of following general principles.
Changed lines 69-71 from:
to:
* Objection: The nervous system (brain) is not a discrete-state machine.
* Turing: Makes no difference to the test.
Added lines 73-77:
* Objection: Human behavior is not determined by a set of rules. Machines are. So machines cannot act like humans.
* Note: Descartes on language use.
* Turing: We should not confuse "rules of conduct" with "laws of behavior".
!!!9. Argument from ESP
Changed lines 63-65 from:
@@@The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to ''originate'' anything. It can do ''whatever we know how to order it'' to perform.^^^Ada Lovelace@@@
to:
@@@The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to ''originate'' anything. It can do ''whatever we know how to order it'' to perform.^^^Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815-52)@@@
* Note: "Ada" is a programming language named after Lady Lovelace, the first female programmer?
Changed line 63 from:
@@@@The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to ''originate'' anything. It can do ''whatever we know how to order it'' to perform.^^^Ada Lovelace@@@@
to:
@@@The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to ''originate'' anything. It can do ''whatever we know how to order it'' to perform.^^^Ada Lovelace@@@
Added lines 62-63:
@@@@The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to ''originate'' anything. It can do ''whatever we know how to order it'' to perform.^^^Ada Lovelace@@@@
Changed lines 48-50 from:
to:
* Objection: Gödel's theorem shows that for every machine there are questions that it cannot answer correctly.
* Turing: No reason has been given to show that it does not apply to human beings also. We often give wrong answers.
Changed lines 52-54 from:
to:
* Objection: A machine cannot have feelings or consciousness.
* Turing: We rely on external evidence for the existence of consciousness.
Added lines 56-59:
* Objection: Machines cannot do X ( X = be kind, resourceful, beautiful, friendly, make mistakes, fall in love, learn from experience, do something new ... )
* Turing
** Existing machines with limited memory storage cannot. But future machines might.
** Cannot make mistake: mistake of functioning vs mistake of conclusion
Added lines 44-45:
* Objection: We should not believe in thinking machines because if they were to exist, then there will be terrible consequences.
* Turing: Many people are influenced by this line of thought because they want to think that humans are superior to everything else. But very bad argument and "consolation would be more appropriate".
Changed line 3 from:
[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg]]
to:
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing#/media/File:Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg]]
Added lines 2-3:
[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg]]
Changed lines 36-43 from:
1. The Theological Objection
2. The ' Heads in the Sand ' Objection
3. The Mathematical Objection
4. The Argument from Consciousness
5. Arguments from Various Disabilities
6. Lady Lovelace's Objection
7. Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System
8. The Argument from Informality of Behaviour
to:
!!!1. The Theological Objection
* Objection: Only those with souls can think. Only humans have souls.
* (Theological) Reply #1: The almighty is omnipotent.
* Theological arguments "have often been found unsatisfactory in the past."
!!!2. The ' Heads in the Sand ' Objection
!!!3. The Mathematical Objection
!!!4. The Argument from Consciousness
!!!5. Arguments from Various Disabilities
!!!6. Lady Lovelace's Objection
!!!7. Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System
!!!8. The Argument from Informality of Behaviour
Changed lines 36-37 from:
to:
1. The Theological Objection
2. The ' Heads in the Sand ' Objection
3. The Mathematical Objection
4. The Argument from Consciousness
5. Arguments from Various Disabilities
6. Lady Lovelace's Objection
7. Argument from Continuity in the Nervous System
8. The Argument from Informality of Behaviour
Changed lines 30-32 from:
@@@I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.^^^Turing's prediction@@@
to:
@@@I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. ... I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted. ^^^Turing's prediction@@@
Note: 50 years = 2000, 10^9 (decimal units) = 1.25 gigabyte? (a high-end harddisk was around 20G in 2000)
Changed lines 28-30 from:
Turing's prediction
@@@I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.@@@
to:
@@@I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.^^^Turing's prediction@@@
Added lines 28-33:
Turing's prediction
@@@I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.@@@
Added lines 35-37:
Changed line 26 from:
* Charles Babbage: wiki:Analytical_Engine
to:
* Charles Babbage: wikipedia:Analytical_Engine
Added lines 17-22:
* Turing proposed to consider the question "Can machines think?", and suggested that it should be replaced by the question of how machines will perform in an "imitation game". Why?
* Original version of the imitation game : judge talks to a man and woman through teletype and has to decide which is which. Turing asks : what if a machine takes the man’s place? Turing proposes to replace the original question with this one.
* Now we say: Passing the Turing test = the judge cannot do better than guessing. Sometimes the Turing test is conceived as a simple test where a computer tries to deceive a judge into thinking that it is human.
* Other versions - A jury asks questions of a computer, and the computer passes the test when the majority believes that it is a human. Similar to the Loebner competition (but the most human-like machine wins).
* Turing: two advantages of the proposal: (a) physical appearance and abilities should not matter (b) suitable for testing any area of knowledge.
Added lines 24-26:
* A computer does not have to be electrical.
* Charles Babbage: wiki:Analytical_Engine
Added line 7:
* A video about his life and achievements: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtRLmL70TH0
Added lines 20-21:
!!Questions to think about
# The Dutch computer scientist has said, "the question of whether Machines Can Think ... is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim". (In "The threats to computing science") Do you agree? Why or why not?
Added lines 13-18:
!!The imitation game
!!How a computer works
!!9 objections against AI
Added lines 1-13:
!Alan Turing - Can machines think?
Who was Alan Turing?
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z8bgr82
* http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/8-things-didnt-know-alan-turing/
The paper has four parts:
# The imitation game
# How a computer works
# Replying to 9 objections against thinking computers
# Learning machines