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Impossible for perceptrons:
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Impossible for perceptrons (XOR):
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* [=McCulloch=] and Pitts (1943). A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity. ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' 5: 115-133. [-http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/perception/mpneuron1.html-]
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* McCulloch and Pitts (1943). A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity. ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' 5: 115-133.
* Information: http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/modOverview.php?modGUI=212
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* Hebb, D.O. (1949). ''The Organization of Behavior''. New York: John Wiley Inc.
@@@Let us assume that the persistence or repetition of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting cellular changes that add to its stability.… When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.@@@
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@@@Let us assume that the persistence or repetition of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting cellular changes that add to its stability.… When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.^^^Hebb, D.O. (1949). ''The Organization of Behavior''@@@
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@@@[-Let us assume that the persistence or repetition of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting cellular changes that add to its stability.… When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.-]@@@
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@@@Let us assume that the persistence or repetition of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting cellular changes that add to its stability.… When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.@@@
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# Early associationism (up till about 1940)
# Beginning connectionism - the age of perceptrons (1943-1969)
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# Associationism in philosophy (up till about 1940)
# The beginning of neural computation and the death of the perceptron (1943-1969)
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!!Stage 1. Early empiricist associationism in philosophy (up till about 1940)
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!!Stage 1. Early empiricist associationism in philosophy
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!!Stage 2. The beginning of connectionist computational models - the age of perceptrons (1943-1969)
Theories of the mechanisms of neural computation
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!!Stage 2. The beginning of neural computation
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Hype:
@@@NEW NAVY DEVICE LEARNS BY DOING; Psychologist Shows Embryo of Computer Designed to Read and Grow Wiser. WASHINGTON, July 7 (UPI) -- The Navy revealed the embryo of an electronic computer today that it expects will be able to walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence.^^^New York Times@@@
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!!Stage 3. The return of connectionism (1970-)
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* Perceptrons cannot solve linearly-nonseparable problems, e.g. XOR
!!Stage 3. The return of connectionism
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!Stages of connectionism
Three stages:
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!!Three stages in the development of connectionism
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!!Stage 1. Early associationism (up till about 1940)
Empiricist associationism
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!!Stage 1. Early empiricist associationism in philosophy (up till about 1940)
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!!Stage 2. Beginning connectionism - the age of perceptrons (1943-1969)
!!!Computational and neural developments
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!!Stage 2. The beginning of connectionist computational models - the age of perceptrons (1943-1969)
Theories of the mechanisms of neural computation
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The perceptron as a simple one-layer network
Devastating critique and setback
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!!!Philosophical background
*
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Empiricist associationism
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* Empiricist associationism - Hume
@@@To me, there appear to be only three principles of connexion among ideas, namely, Resemblance, Contiguity in time or place, and Cause or Effect.@@@
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@@@To me, there appear to be only three principles of connexion among ideas, namely, Resemblance, Contiguity in time or place, and Cause or Effect.^^^David Hume@@@
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* Hobbes (1588-1679)
@@@For in a discourse of our present civil war, what could seem more impertinent than to ask, as one did, what was the value of a Roman penny? Yet the coherence to me was manifest enough. For the thought of the war introduced the thought of the delivering up the King to his enemies; the thought of that brought in the thought of the delivering up of Christ; and that again the thought of the 30 pence, which was the price of that treason: and thence easily followed that malicious question; and all this in a moment of time, for thought is quick.@@@
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*
@@@For in a discourse of our present civil war, what could seem more impertinent than to ask, as one did, what was the value of a Roman penny? Yet the coherence to me was manifest enough. For the thought of the war introduced the thought of the delivering up the King to his enemies; the thought of that brought in the thought of the delivering up of Christ; and that again the thought of the 30 pence, which was the price of that treason: and thence easily followed that malicious question; and all this in a moment of time, for thought is quick.^^^Hobbes (1588-1679)@@@
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* Hobbes (1588-1679)
@@@For in a discourse of our present civil war, what could seem more impertinent than to ask, as one did, what was the value of a Roman penny? Yet the coherence to me was manifest enough. For the thought of the war introduced the thought of the delivering up the King to his enemies; the thought of that brought in the thought of the delivering up of Christ; and that again the thought of the 30 pence, which was the price of that treason: and thence easily followed that malicious question; and all this in a moment of time, for thought is quick.@@@
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@@@To me, there appear to be only three principles of connexion among ideas, namely, Resemblance, Contiguity in time or place, and Cause or Effect.@@@