Main.Out-of-bodyExperiences History
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* Bremmer ''The Rise and Fall of the Afterlife'' Routledge. Ch. 7 has a historical review of NDE.
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!!Body illusions
* RubberHand
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* OBE a product of memory distortion (usually 3rd person perspective).
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* OBE a product of memory distortion during trauma (usually 3rd person perspective).
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!Out-of-body experiences
!!Readings
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!!Memory-based explanations
* OBE a product of memory distortion (usually 3rd person perspective).
!!OBE induction
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!Physiological explanations of OBE
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!!Physiological explanations of OBE
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* We have to deal with such cases carefully because it is often difficult to know what the real facts are.
* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies'', 11(4), 223-229.
@@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
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* We have to deal with such cases carefully because it is often difficult to know what the real facts are. For example:
@@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved. - Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies'', 11(4), 223-229.@@@
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* Tart CT. (1968). A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a selected subject. ''J Am Soc Psychical Res'', 62: 3–27.
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* Tart, C. T. (1968). A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a selected subject. ''J Am Soc Psychical Res'', 62: 3–27.
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* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. ''Brain'', 127, No. 2, 243-258. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040
* Blanke et. el. (2005) Linking Out-of-Body Experience and Self Processing to Mental Own-Body Imagery at the Temporoparietal Junction. ''The Journal of Neuroscience'', January 19, 2005, 25(3):550-557. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005
Olaf Blanke
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* Blanke, O., Landis, Spinelli, Seeck (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. ''Brain'', 127, No. 2, 243-258. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040
* Blanke et. el. (2005). Linking Out-of-Body Experience and Self Processing to Mental Own-Body Imagery at the Temporoparietal Junction. ''The Journal of Neuroscience'', January 19, 2005, 25(3):550-557. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005
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* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies', 11(4), 223-229.
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* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies'', 11(4), 223-229.
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* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies', 11(4), 223-229.
@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
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* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies', 11(4), 223-229.
@@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
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@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.
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@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
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@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
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@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.
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* Ring and Lawrence (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. ''Journal of Near-Death Studies', 11(4), 223-229.
@@A nurse at Hartford Hospital states that she worked with a patient described an NDE in which she saw a red shoe on the roof of the hospital during her OBE, which a janitor then retrieved.@@@
* But according to others who visited the hospital, it is quite possible to see the shoe from within the hospital. See Ebbern et. el. (1996). Maria's near-death experience: waiting for the other shoe to drop. ''The Skeptical Inquirer'', 20(4).
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!!An inconclusive case
* [[http://www.near-death.com/experiences/evidence01.html|The case of Pam Reynolds]]
@@@She was having surgery performed to remove an aneurism from her brain. Her body was cooled and blood was drained from her brain. Her EEG and brain stem response showed no activity, the definition of brain death in many states. She reported rising from her body and seeing the operation performed below her. She also reported contact with "The Light" and many of her deceased relatives. Upon recovering she recounted accurately many details of her operation, including conversations heard and a description of the surgical instruments.@@@
* We have to deal with such cases carefully because it is often difficult to know what the real facts are.
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* Blanke et. el. (2005) Linking Out-of-Body Experience and Self Processing to Mental Own-Body Imagery at the Temporoparietal Junction. ''The Journal of Neuroscience'', January 19, 2005, 25(3):550-557. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005
Olaf Blanke
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* In Blanke et. el. (2005), TMS interference with temporoparietal junctions (TPJ) in normal subjects disrupts their imagination of OBE perspectives. Also, seizure in TPJ observed in epileptic patient who experiences OBE when imagining with OBE perspectives. [- TPJ is said to involve in understanding others' belief. See doi:10.1038/nn1223 -]
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* Pim van Lommel, Ruud van Wees, Vincent Meyers, Ingrid Elfferich (2001). Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands. ''The Lancet''. London: Dec 15, 2001, 358, Iss. 9298, 2039-45.
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!!Neural explanations of OBE
Cerebral Anoxia
>we speculate that ambiguous input from these different sensory systems is an important mechanism of OBE and AS, and thus the intriguing experience of seeing one’s body in a position that does not coincide with its felt position. We suggest that OBE and AS are related to a failure to integrate proprioceptive, tactile and visual information with respect to one’s own body (disintegration in personal space) and by a vestibular dysfunction leading to an additional disintegration between personal (vestibular) space and extrapersonal (visual) space. We argue that both disintegrations (personal; personal–extrapersonal) are necessary for the occurrence of OBE and AS, and that they are due to a paroxysmal cerebral dysfunction of the TPJ in a state of partially and briefly impaired consciousness.
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!Physiological explanations of OBE
* Cerebral Anoxia - Lack of oxygen in the brain, such as due to interuption in bloodflow in the G-LOC cases. But the following study shows that patients who survive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are not particularly linked with NDE and OBE.
** Pim van Lommel, Ruud van Wees, Vincent Meyers, Ingrid Elfferich (2001). Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands. ''The Lancet''. London: Dec 15, 2001, 358, Iss. 9298, 2039-45.
* Blanke:
@@@we speculate that ambiguous input from these different sensory systems is an important mechanism of OBE and AS, and thus the intriguing experience of seeing one’s body in a position that does not coincide with its felt position. We suggest that OBE and AS are related to a failure to integrate proprioceptive, tactile and visual information with respect to one’s own body (disintegration in personal space) and by a vestibular dysfunction leading to an additional disintegration between personal (vestibular) space and extrapersonal (visual) space. We argue that both disintegrations (personal; personal–extrapersonal) are necessary for the occurrence of OBE and AS, and that they are due to a paroxysmal cerebral dysfunction of the TPJ in a state of partially and briefly impaired consciousness.@@@
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** See for example p59 of Susan Blackmore (1993). ''Dying to Live: Near-Death Experiences''. Prometheus Books.
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** See for example p59 of Susan Blackmore (1993). ''Dying to Live: Near-Death Experiences''. Prometheus Books. isbn:0879758708
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* Ketamine (blockade of NDMA receptor) - short-acting, hallucinogenic anaesthetic. Some subjects report OBEs after falling into the "k-hole".
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* Ketamine (blockade of NDMA receptor) - short-acting, hallucinogenic anaesthetic. Some subjects report [=OBEs=] after falling into the "k-hole".
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* G-LOC (Gravity induced loss of conciousness) - Subjects losing conciousness because g-forces move the blood away from the brain (black out) or move excess blood towards the brain (red out). This typically happens to fighter pilots or astronauts.
media:pilot-centrifuge.jpg
** See for example p59 of Susan Blackmore (1993). ''Dying to Live: Near-Death Experiences''. Prometheus Books.
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* Tart CT. A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a selected subject. J Am Soc Psychical Res 1968; 62: 3–27
"Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70. doi:10.1038/419269a
* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, Vol. 127, No. 2, 243-258, 2004. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040
* Pim van Lommel, Ruud van Wees, Vincent Meyers, Ingrid Elfferich (2001) Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands ''The Lancet''. London: Dec 15, 2001. Vol. 358, Iss. 9298; p. 2039
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* Tart CT. (1968). A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a selected subject. ''J Am Soc Psychical Res'', 62: 3–27.
* Blanke, et. el. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. ''Nature'', 419, 269-70. doi:10.1038/419269a
* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. ''Brain'', 127, No. 2, 243-258. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040
* Pim van Lommel, Ruud van Wees, Vincent Meyers, Ingrid Elfferich (2001). Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands. ''The Lancet''. London: Dec 15, 2001, 358, Iss. 9298, 2039-45.
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!!Neural explanations of OBE
Cerebral Anoxia
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) "Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70. doi:10.1038/419269a
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* Blanke, et. el. (2002) "Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70. doi:10.1038/419269a
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Electrical stimulation of the angular gyrus [-(an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe)-] of an epileptic patient.
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* Blanke, et. el. (2002) - Electrical stimulation of the angular gyrus [-(an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe)-] of an epileptic patient.
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media:angulargyrus.jpg media:blanke-angular.jpg
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Electrical stimulation of the angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe).
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Electrical stimulation of the angular gyrus [-(an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe)-] of an epileptic patient.
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!!Drug
* OBE induction: Ketamine (blockade of NDMA receptor) - short-acting, hallucinogenic anaesthetic
* OBE induction: Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Stimulation of angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe)
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* Ketamine (blockade of NDMA receptor) - short-acting, hallucinogenic anaesthetic. Some subjects report OBEs after falling into the "k-hole".
* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Electrical stimulation of the angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe).
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@@@Initial stimulations (n = 3; 2.0−3.0 mA) induced vestibular responses, in which the patient reported that she was "sinking into the bed" or "falling from a height". Increasing the current amplitude (3.5 mA) led to an OBE ("I see myself lying in bed, from above, but I only see my legs and lower trunk"). ... The patient was then asked to watch her (real) legs during the electrical stimulation (n = 2; 4.0, 4.5 mA). ... This time, she reported seeing her legs "becoming shorter". If the patient's legs were bent before the stimulation (90° knee angle; n = 2; 4.0, 5.0 mA), she reported that her legs appeared to be moving quickly towards her face, and took evasive action.@@@
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!Terms
* Out-of-body experience (OBE) = a subject seems to be awake and sees his or her body and the world from a location outside the physical body.
* Autoscopy = the experience of seeing one’s body in extrapersonal space.
Sample report:
->"I was in bed and about to fall asleep when I had the distinct impression that I was at the ceiling level looking down at my body in the bed. I was very startled and frightened; immediately (afterwards) I felt that I was consciously back in the (body on the) bed again."
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!Terminology
* Out-of-body experience (OBE) = A subject seems to be awake and sees the world from a location outside the physical body.
* Autoscopy (AS) = The experience of seeing one’s body in extrapersonal space.
* Sample report:
@@@I was in bed and about to fall asleep when I had the distinct impression that I was at the ceiling level looking down at my body in the bed. I was very startled and frightened; immediately (afterwards) I felt that I was consciously back in the (body on the) bed again.@@@
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) "Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70.
* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 2004; 127: 000–000
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* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) "Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70. doi:10.1038/419269a
* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, Vol. 127, No. 2, 243-258, 2004. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040
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!Terms
* Out-of-body experience (OBE) = a subject seems to be awake and sees his or her body and the world from a location outside the physical body.
* Autoscopy = the experience of seeing one’s body in extrapersonal space.
Sample report:
->"I was in bed and about to fall asleep when I had the distinct impression that I was at the ceiling level looking down at my body in the bed. I was very startled and frightened; immediately (afterwards) I felt that I was consciously back in the (body on the) bed again."
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From Blanke(2004)
->we speculate that ambiguous input from these different sensory systems is an important mechanism of OBE and AS, and thus the intriguing experience of seeing one’s body in a position that does not coincide with its felt position. We suggest that OBE and AS are related to a failure to integrate proprioceptive, tactile and visual information with respect to one’s own body (disintegration in personal space) and by a vestibular dysfunction leading to an additional disintegration between personal (vestibular) space and extrapersonal (visual) space. We argue that both disintegrations (personal; personal–extrapersonal) are necessary for the occurrence of OBE and AS, and that they are due to a paroxysmal cerebral dysfunction of the TPJ in a state of partially and briefly impaired consciousness.
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* Hypothesis #1 : All OBE experiences are body image hallucinations.
* Hypothesis #2 : Some OBE experiences are veridical.
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* If we discover that a paranormal experience P has some neural correlate N, it does not follow that P is illusory, e.g. having a perceptual experience as of a tree might correlate with a neural state but it does not follow that there is no tree being perceived.
* However, extra evidence is then needed to support the conclusion that something else is going on - Ockham's razor / inference to the best explanation.
Two incompatible hypotheses:
# All OBE experiences are body image hallucinations.
# Some OBE experiences are veridical.
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!Comments
* Hypothesis #1 : All OBE experiences are body image hallucinations.
* Hypothesis #2 : Some OBE experiences are veridical.
Test : Is it possible to obtain veridical information of the external environment during an OBE?
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* OBE induction: Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Stimulation of angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe) image See http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/obe.html
* Lancet study : (7 pages)
* Veridical perception during OBE? Anecdotal
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* OBE induction: Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Stimulation of angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe)
media:angulargyrus.jpeg
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[[Category.Mind]]
Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 2004; 127: 000–000
to:
!Readings
* Tart CT. A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a selected subject. J Am Soc Psychical Res 1968; 62: 3–27
* Blanke, Ortigue (2002) "Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions" Nature Vol 419, pp.269-70.
* Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 2004; 127: 000–000
* Pim van Lommel, Ruud van Wees, Vincent Meyers, Ingrid Elfferich (2001) Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: A prospective study in the Netherlands ''The Lancet''. London: Dec 15, 2001. Vol. 358, Iss. 9298; p. 2039
!Comments
* OBE induction: Ketamine (blockade of NDMA receptor) - short-acting, hallucinogenic anaesthetic
* OBE induction: Blanke, Ortigue (2002) - Stimulation of angular gyrus (an area on the surface of the brain close to the temporal lobe) image See http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/obe.html
* Lancet study : (7 pages)
* Veridical perception during OBE? Anecdotal
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[[Category.Mind]]
Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 2004; 127: 000–000
[[Category.Mind]]