Changed line 41 from:
* Subjects exposed to happy-face drink more and are more willing to pay for the drink (esp uf they are thirsty)
to:
* Subjects exposed to happy-face drink more and are more willing to pay for the drink (esp if they are thirsty)
Changed lines 52-53 from:
to:
* Comment: Can we be wrong about the qualitative properties of our conscious experiences?
Changed lines 23-24 from:
* Stimulus S causes emotion E in subject. subject is not conscious of S.
to:
* Stimulus S causes emotion E in subject. Subject is not conscious of S.
Changed lines 17-18 from:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned. ... it may happen that an effective or emotional impulse is perceived but misconstrued. Owing to the repression of its proper representative it has been forced to become connected with another idea, and is now regarded by consciousness as the manifestation of that idea. If we restore the true connection, we call the original affective impulse an 'unconscious' one. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that had happened was that its idea had undergone repression.@@@
to:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. '''It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness'''. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned. ... '''it may happen that an effective or emotional impulse is perceived but misconstrued'''. Owing to the repression of its proper representative it has been forced to become connected with another idea, and is now regarded by consciousness as the manifestation of that idea. If we restore the true connection, we call the original affective impulse an 'unconscious' one. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that had happened was that its idea had undergone repression.@@@
Changed lines 46-47 from:
to:
Changed lines 51-52 from:
* Fischman and Foltin (1992)
to:
* Fischman and Foltin (1992) - Two intravenous lines administered to a drug addict, one a saline solution, the other with very low level of cocaine. Each line has a button, and an addict can choose which line to release. At very low levels, addict claims there is no subjective difference, but they choose the line with cocaine more often within a period of 2-4 hours.
Changed lines 52-53 from:
to:
Changed lines 50-51 from:
to:
* Arntz (1993) - Women with spider phobia were asked to perform a series of tasks requiring increasingly close contact with spiders. Some were given an opioid antagonist drug, others a placebo. Women in the former group completed fewer tasks, but reported the same amount of subjective fear.
* Fischman and Foltin (1992)
Added lines 7-8:
* Berridge, Kent C. 1999. [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge1999Pleasure,pain.pdf|"Pleasure, Pain, Desire and Dread."]] In Kahneman, Diener and Schwarz, 1999, pp. 525-557.
* Kahneman, Daniel, Diener, Ed, and Schwarz, Norbert (eds.). 1999. ''Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology''. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Changed lines 46-47 from:
to:
!!!Addition cases
See [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge1999Pleasure,pain.pdf|Berridge (1999)]].
Changed lines 27-28 from:
to:
* A thought-experiment: X made a mistake. Y behaves in a nasty way to X. Y denies being angry with X.
Changed lines 38-39 from:
* No change in valence report.
* Subjects exposed to happy-face drink more and are more willing to pay for the drink.
to:
* No change in valence report. Exposure to subliminal happy (sad) face does not cause subject to report feeling happier (or sadder).
* Subjects exposed to happy-face drink more and are more willing to pay for the drink (esp uf they are thirsty)
Changed line 65 from:
** Aphagic mice lacking dopamine show affective responses to food when force-fed. (Berridge Venier Robinsion, 1989)
to:
** Aphagic mice lacking dopamine show affective responses to food when force-fed. (Berridge Venier Robinsion, 1989)
Added lines 9-10:
!Part 1 - Are there unconscious emotions?
Changed lines 44-45 from:
!!Two components of experience
to:
! Part 2 - Three components of emotional experience
Changed line 47 from:
* Appraisal component - valence (pleasant / unpleasant) and goal relevance (desire).
to:
* Appraisal components - (i) valence (pleasant / unpleasant) and (ii) goal relevance (desire).
Changed lines 38-41 from:
to:
* Questions:
# Is there a change in emotions?
# If there is a change, is the emotion conscious?
Added lines 19-20:
* Stimulus S causes emotion E in subject. subject is not conscious of S.
Changed line 4 from:
* Winkielman, P. & Berridge, K.C. 2004. [[http://www.bec.ucla.edu/papers/Winkielman_16.5.05_a.pdf|Unconscious emotion]]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Sciences'', 13(3), 120-123.
to:
* [Required] Winkielman, P. & Berridge, K.C. 2004. [[http://www.bec.ucla.edu/papers/Winkielman_16.5.05_a.pdf|Unconscious emotion]]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Sciences'', 13(3), 120-123.
Changed lines 17-18 from:
@@@In this chapter we address unconscious emotion in the sense that emotion can be activated without conscious recognition of the eliciting stimulus. This may happen when an emotionally relevant stimulus, which is presented outside conscious attention, automatically redirects attention to become its focus, or when a stimulus that is prevented for reaching conscious awareness through backward masking nonetheless elicits psychophysiological responses suggesting emotional activation.@@@
to:
@@@In this chapter we address unconscious emotion ''in the sense that emotion can be activated without conscious recognition of the eliciting stimulus''. This may happen when an emotionally relevant stimulus, which is presented outside conscious attention, automatically redirects attention to become its focus, or when a stimulus that is prevented for reaching conscious awareness through backward masking nonetheless elicits psychophysiological responses suggesting emotional activation.@@@
Changed lines 15-20 from:
!!Definition of unconscious emotion?
* Emotion with unconscious cause?
Oehman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R.D. Lane, L. Nadel, & G. Ahern (Eds.), ''Cognitive neuroscience of emotion'' New York: Oxford University Press.
to:
* Definition of unconscious emotion. Emotion with unconscious cause? An example from Oehman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R.D. Lane, L. Nadel, & G. Ahern (Eds.), ''Cognitive neuroscience of emotion'' New York: Oxford University Press.
Added lines 15-22:
!!Definition of unconscious emotion?
* Emotion with unconscious cause?
Oehman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R.D. Lane, L. Nadel, & G. Ahern (Eds.), ''Cognitive neuroscience of emotion'' New York: Oxford University Press.
@@@In this chapter we address unconscious emotion in the sense that emotion can be activated without conscious recognition of the eliciting stimulus. This may happen when an emotionally relevant stimulus, which is presented outside conscious attention, automatically redirects attention to become its focus, or when a stimulus that is prevented for reaching conscious awareness through backward masking nonetheless elicits psychophysiological responses suggesting emotional activation.@@@
Changed lines 15-16 from:
!!Subliminal manipulation of emotions
to:
Changed lines 21-22 from:
!!!Case #2: The mere exposure effect
to:
!!!Case #2: Subliminal manipulation of emotions - The mere exposure effect
Changed lines 26-27 from:
!!!Case #3: Drink consumption manipulation
to:
!!!Case #3: Subliminal manipulation of emotions - drink consumption manipulation
Changed lines 17-18 from:
!!!Case #1: The mere exposure effect
to:
!!!Case #1: Unconscious anger
* A thought-experiment
!!!Case #2: The mere exposure effect
Changed lines 26-27 from:
!!!Case #2: Drink consumption manipulation
to:
!!!Case #3: Drink consumption manipulation
Added lines 26-28:
* No change in valence report.
* Subjects exposed to happy-face drink more and are more willing to pay for the drink.
Changed lines 15-16 from:
!!Subliminal induction of the mere exposure effect
to:
!!Subliminal manipulation of emotions
!!!Case #1: The mere exposure effect
Added lines 22-25:
!!!Case #2: Drink consumption manipulation
media:berridge-drink.jpg
Changed lines 15-17 from:
to:
!!Subliminal induction of the mere exposure effect
* What it is: a positive response to repeatedly presented items. Winkielman, P. & Berridge (2004):
@@@In one study, some participants were first subliminally exposed to several repeated neutral stimuli consisting of random visual patterns. Later, those participants reported being in a better mood—a conscious feeling state—than participants who had been subliminally exposed to neutral stimuli that had not been repeatedly presented (Monahan, Murphy, & Zajonc, 2000)@@@
Changed lines 13-19 from:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned.\\
\\
In the first place, it may happen that an effective or emotional impulse is perceived but misconstrued. Owing to the repression of its proper representative it has been forced to become connected with another idea, and is now regarded by consciousness as the manifestation of that idea. If we restore the true connection, we call the original affective impulse an 'unconscious' one. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that had happened was that its idea had undergone repression.@@@
to:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned. ... it may happen that an effective or emotional impulse is perceived but misconstrued. Owing to the repression of its proper representative it has been forced to become connected with another idea, and is now regarded by consciousness as the manifestation of that idea. If we restore the true connection, we call the original affective impulse an 'unconscious' one. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that had happened was that its idea had undergone repression.@@@
Changed lines 13-15 from:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned.@@@
to:
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned.\\
\\
In the first place, it may happen that an effective or emotional impulse is perceived but misconstrued. Owing to the repression of its proper representative it has been forced to become connected with another idea, and is now regarded by consciousness as the manifestation of that idea. If we restore the true connection, we call the original affective impulse an 'unconscious' one. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that had happened was that its idea had undergone repression.@@@
Added lines 9-15:
!!Background
* Freud on unconscious emotions. Freud, S. (1950). ''Collected papers'', Vol. 4 (J. Riviere, Trans.). London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 109-110.
@@@We should expect the answer to the question about unconscious feelings, emotions and affects to be just as easily given. It is surely of the essence of an emotion that we should be aware of it, i.e. that it should become known to consciousness. Thus the possibility of the attribute of unconsciousness would be completely excluded as far as emotions, feelings and affects are concerned.@@@
Changed line 30 from:
** Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice (Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X. 2003）
to:
** Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice (Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X. 2003)
Changed lines 7-8 from:
* Jesse J. Prinz. 2004. ''Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion''. Oxford University Press.
to:
* Jesse J. Prinz. 2004. ''Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion''. Oxford University Press. ([[http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=4441|review]])
Changed lines 7-8 from:
to:
* Jesse J. Prinz. 2004. ''Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion''. Oxford University Press.
Changed line 5 from:
* Berridge, K.C. 2003. [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge%202003%20Brain%20&%20Cog%20Pleasures%20of%20brain.pdf|Pleasures of the brain]]. ''Brain & Cognition'', 52 (10), 106-128.
to:
* [[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~berridge/|Berridge, K.C.]] 2003. [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge%202003%20Brain%20&%20Cog%20Pleasures%20of%20brain.pdf|Pleasures of the brain]]. ''Brain & Cognition'', 52 (10), 106-128.
Changed lines 31-35 from:
** Obsessive self-stimulation of brain electrodes. (Heath, 1972) (Portenoy et al., 1986).
to:
** Obsessive self-stimulation of brain electrodes. (Heath, 1972) (Portenoy et al., 1986). [[http://www.apa.org/science/psa/sb-berridge.html|Patient B19]]
Changed lines 4-5 from:
* Winkielman, P. & Berridge, K.C. 2004. Unconscious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 13(3), 120-123.
* Berridge, K.C. 2003. Pleasures of the brain. Brain & Cognition, 52 (10), 106-128.
to:
* Winkielman, P. & Berridge, K.C. 2004. [[http://www.bec.ucla.edu/papers/Winkielman_16.5.05_a.pdf|Unconscious emotion]]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Sciences'', 13(3), 120-123.
* Berridge, K.C. 2003. [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge%202003%20Brain%20&%20Cog%20Pleasures%20of%20brain.pdf|Pleasures of the brain]]. ''Brain & Cognition'', 52 (10), 106-128.
Changed lines 31-35 from:
** Obsessive self-stimulation of brain electrodes (Heath, 1972) (Portenoy et al., 1986).
to:
** Obsessive self-stimulation of brain electrodes. (Heath, 1972) (Portenoy et al., 1986).
Changed lines 24-25 from:
to:
!!Wanting and Liking (Desire and pleasure)
* Liking without wanting
** Aphagic mice lacking dopamine show affective responses to food when force-fed. (Berridge Venier Robinsion, 1989)
* Wanting without liking
** Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice (Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X. 2003）
** Drug craving when pleasure is lacking and after withdrawal.
** Obsessive self-stimulation of brain electrodes (Heath, 1972) (Portenoy et al., 1986).
Changed lines 22-25 from:
** Report of unpleasant sensation without quality, intensity, or precise location (Ploner, Freund and Schnitzler 1999)
to:
** Report of unpleasant sensation without quality, intensity, or precise location (Ploner, Freund and Schnitzler 1999)
Added lines 8-25:
!!Two components of experience
* Sensory component - provides real-time information about the body (pain, thirst), the environment (vision, hearing), and their relationship (gravity).
* Appraisal component - valence (pleasant / unpleasant) and goal relevance (desire).
* Emotions as involving appraisals.
* Constant sensory component but variation in appraisal - diminishing returns in pleasurable sensations
!!Reactive dissociation in pain
* Pain sensation without affect
** Morphine injection
** Modulation by hypnosis (Rainville et el. 1997)
** Pain asymbolia - Intensity and location perception intact
* Pain affect without pain sensation
** Report of unpleasant sensation without quality, intensity, or precise location (Ploner, Freund and Schnitzler 1999)
Changed lines 6-7 from:
to:
* [[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/multimediavideo/tastereactions2003.mov|taste reactions video]]
Changed lines 5-6 from:
to:
* Berridge, K.C. 2003. Pleasures of the brain. Brain & Cognition, 52 (10), 106-128.
Changed lines 4-6 from:
to:
* Winkielman, P. & Berridge, K.C. 2004. Unconscious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 13(3), 120-123.
Changed lines 1-7 from:
to:
!Unconscious emotions
!!Readings
[[Category.Mind]]