Reasoning about values might also be called "normative reasoning". Very generally, it refers to thinking about issues concerning what is right or wrong, good or bad, or what might or might not be valuable. Normative reasoning encompasses not just reasoning about morality and virtues, the justification and legitimacy of rules and social institutions, but also aesthetic values and the meaning of life.
The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think -- rather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with thoughts of other men.

Bill Beattie